아래는 인도네시아 Health Development Policy Agency에 2025년 11월 14일 포스팅 내용입니다.
참고로 부산 연산동의 석면 방직(적)공장인 제일화학에서 1990년 방직기계 등이 인도네시아로 이전되며 한·인니 합작 회사를 세웠습니다. 제일화학은 일본의 니치아스가 1971년부터 청석면, 백석면 방직설비를 부산으로 옮겨지며 만들어졌습니다.
폐암이나 악성중피종 등의 치명적인 질환의 원인인 석면은 인도네시아 전역에서 여전히 사용되고 있습니다. 60개국 이상 사용금지 중이나 인도네이사에서는 백석면을 허용 중입니다.
누군가 석면 지붕을 자르고 부수는 중에 눈에 보이지 않는 작은 입자는 공기 중으로 비산되며, 흡입하면 폐 안에 평생 남게 됩니다. WHO에 따르면 석면 노출에 안전 기준은 없으며 석면폐증, 폐암, 악성중피종 같은 희귀암을 일으킵니다. 증상은 노출 후 20~40년후에 나타나며 조기 진단도 어렵습니다.
2023년의 보고서에는 인도네시아에서 대략 1,600명이 석면질환으로 사망한다고 합니다.
이러한 위험에도 불구하고, 인도네시아는 남동아시아에서 가장 큰 석면 수입국이며, 연간 150,000톤 가량입니다. 대략 인도네시아 가구의 13%가, 특히 인구밀도가 높은 도시지역에서 석면 지붕을 사용하고 있습니다.
2024년 보고서에 따르면 석면관련 질환은 결핵이나 기타 폐질환으로 오진할 수 있어 실제 보고건수는 훨씬 많을 것으로 추정하고 있습니다.
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Introduction
Asbestos remains widely used in Indonesia despite being proven to cause deadly diseases such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. More than 60 countries have banned its use, while Indonesia still allows this type of asbestos. chrysotileThis article reviews the dangers of asbestos, current facts in Indonesia, and the importance of strengthening national policies to protect future generations from the risks of asbestos exposure.
Asbestos: Deadly Tiny Fibers
Every time someone cuts, saws, or even sweeps an old asbestos roof, tiny, almost invisible fibers can be released into the air. When inhaled, these fibers enter the lungs and remain in the body for life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2024), there is no safe limit for asbestos exposure. The fibers can cause asbestosis (hardening of the lung tissue), lung cancer, and mesothelioma, a rare type of lung cancer. Symptoms can appear 20 to 40 years after exposure, making early detection difficult.
"At first, I just had a normal cough, but it turned out my lungs were damaged by asbestos dust," said a construction worker in Jakarta. Stories like this are not uncommon. Lestari et al. (2023) noted, every year around 1.600 deaths in Indonesia caused by asbestos-related diseases.
ndonesia: One of the World's Largest Asbestos Users
Despite its known dangers, Indonesia remains the largest importer of asbestos in Southeast Asia, with a volume of approximately 150.000 tons per year. Approximately 13% of Indonesian households still use asbestos roofs, particularly in densely populated urban areas (Suraya, 2024). Meanwhile, more than 60 countries, including Japan, South Korea, and Brazil, have completely banned asbestos and switched to alternative materials such as cellulose fiber, PVA, aramid, and local composite materials (American Cancer Society, 2023).
Unfortunately, the regulations in Indonesia are outdated. Government Regulation No. 74 of 2001 and Ministerial Regulation No. 3 of 1985 only prohibit blue asbestos (crocidolite), while the most commonly used type is white asbestos (chrysotile) still permitted, even though they are equally deadly (WHO, 2024).
The Impact of Asbestos is Not Only in Factories
The dangers of asbestos not only threaten industrial workers but also the general public. Cracked roofs, broken asbestos water pipes, or poorly managed construction waste can release toxic dust into the air. Exposure can occur anywhere: in schools, hospitals, and even private homes. Research by Chen et al. (2024) shows that asbestos-related diseases are often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis or other lung diseases, resulting in many cases going unreported. This situation is like a "health time bomb." Without action now, the disease burden and health costs from asbestos will increase dramatically in the next two decades (Zhao et al., 2024).
The Importance of Strengthening Policies Towards an Asbestos-Free Indonesia
Seeing this serious threat, it is important to make serious efforts to encourage the strengthening of Asbestos Exposure Control policies, as an initial policy towards an Asbestos-Free Indonesia by 2035. Some policies that need to be encouraged in an integrated manner are, as follows:
1. National Inventory and Risk Mapping
Conducting a survey of public buildings, industrial facilities, and housing that still use asbestos. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology will be used to map high-risk areas (Suraya, 2024).
2. Disease Surveillance and Registry System
Establish a National Registry of Asbestos Exposure Diseases to digitally detect and record cases, as well as serve as a basis for providing compensation to affected workers (Chen et al., 2024).
3. Industrial Substitution and Incentive Program
Providing fiscal incentives, tax breaks, and technological support for industries to switch to safe and environmentally friendly substitute materials is in line with the green industry agenda in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) and the Ministry of Industry's roadmap.
4. Regulatory Reform and Gradual Ban
Revise Government Regulation No. 74/2001 and Ministerial Regulation No. 3/1985 to categorize all types of asbestos as Hazardous and Toxic Materials (B3), whose use will be gradually banned. The target is to stop asbestos imports within five years and a total ban within ten years (US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2024).
5. Public Education and National Campaign
Launching the “Asbestos-Free Indonesia 2035” movement, with a public campaign on the dangers of asbestos, training of technical officers, and socialization of safe asbestos waste management.
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It's Time for Indonesia to Breathe Clean Air Without Asbestos: Ending the Invisible Danger
